In recent years, the importance of maritime safety has become more prominent after the appearance of major maritime accidents, including the Malaysian Airlines incident, South Korean passenger ship crashes, and the breakage of Japanese container ships, highlighting the necessity and high requirements of global deep sea search and rescue. As June 1, 2009 Air France Flight 447 crash over the Atlantic, the French immediately sent after the incident "Vent se" frigate, "Northwest Wind" -class amphibious assault ship and "Pourquoi Pas" No survey ship arrived at the site of the incident were Search and rescue. The " Pourquoi Pas " was equipped with two submarines with submersible depths of up to 6,000 meters . Later they used deep-sea automation underwater equipment ( AUV ) equipped with side-scanning sonar , the " Le deSein " pipeline-laying vessel , and the Remora 6000 remotely. Remote equipment ( ROV , also known as underwater robot) and other equipment completed the salvage of the black box.
The role of high-performance equipment, especially automated machinery and equipment, in search and rescue and salvaging is becoming more and more important. This is particularly evident in the field of submarine rescue. In recent years, the rapid development of the strength of naval vessels in major countries of the world, especially the number of submarines built and serviced in major countries around Asia, has increased, and the demand for global deep-sea rescue, including submarine search and rescue, has increased. The performance of the deep sea rescue capability depends on the performance of the rescue ship and the performance of high-tech search and rescue equipment (including DSRV , retractable system, TUP system, etc.), and introduces deep dive rescue vessels and deep submersible lifeboats, etc. The status quo of the deep submarine search and rescue force.
Statistics show that the major submarine forces around Asia are the most submarine powers in Russia, with 62 ships in service and 22 in construction or under construction ; followed by Korea with 23 and 20 respectively ; Japan with 16 and 4 ; and India with 15 and 15 Ships; Pakistan is 8 and 3 ; Singapore is 4 and 1 ; Indonesia is 2 and 12 ; Vietnam is 2 and 6 ; Malaysia currently has 2 submarines in service .
Deep diving rescue process
The deep dive search and rescue process generally includes equipment preparation, equipment watering, docking, equipment recovery, and treatment and other steps. Take Singapore's special submarine rescue ship " Swift Rescue " as an example. The boat needs four steps to carry out deep water search and rescue: First, launching the equipment. "Swift Rescue" number after acquiring the submarine need help message arrived submarine accident waters, ship deep diving apparatus DSAR 6 shall into the water in 15 minutes, and should arrive within 30 minutes according to the depth of the submarine is located; the second is the device with a submarine Docking. When the wrecked submarine provides information to the outside world, DSAR 6 begins the search and rescue process. The interior of DSAR 6 is first pressurized to match the internal pressure of the submarine, and then docks its bottom hatch with the submarine escape hatch. The submarine crew connects through The cabin enters DSAR 6 and can rescue up to 17 people at a time. The third is the recovery of equipment. After all the crew members entered DSAR6 , DSAR 6 was returned to the surface and recovered to the " Swift Rescue ". The crew then enters the decompression chamber directly from the DSAR 6 . Normal pressure should be maintained until it enters the decompression chamber to prevent the crew from being injured. Fourth, the treatment and treatment of personnel.
Figure 1 Deepwater rescue process of the Singapore Navy
Global submarine rescue ship main force
According to the statistics of Jane's Yearbook, the current global special-purpose submarine rescue ships are mainly distributed in Russia, Germany, Australia, Turkey, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Obviously, major Asian countries prefer favored rescue ships, including Russia, Australia, and Turkey, South Korea and Singapore have also conducted service or construction of this type of ship in recent years.
From the parameters of the submarine rescue ships currently under construction, the main features are that the captain is about 100 meters , the displacement is about 5,000 tons, and many types of marine vessels are used for ship design, more use of diesel-electricity propulsion, and rescue equipment mostly adopts stern closure. Put, use more dynamic positioning. Judging from the rescue tools for such new ships, the integration trend of rescue equipment is more obvious. For example, the first “ Igor Belousov †class submarine rescue ship under construction in Russia will be commissioned in 2014 , and the ship may be equipped with a set of submerged depths. 700 m deep diving apparatus, special equipment and divers helicopter, and with British Seaeye Panther plus type ROV, the ROV is equipped with a sonar, acoustic tracking system, cutting apparatus, a robot, there is provided an image submarine The camera, the ROV can also provide emergency life support equipment for the lost submarine.
It should be noted that some countries with strong submarine rescue capabilities, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have no longer built special submarine rescue ships in recent years. This is mainly due to their increasing concern about high-performance portable rescue equipment. Its R&D direction is represented by rescue. The generalization of the ship and the specialization of rescue equipment.
Japan AS-405 and ASR-403 Special Submarine Rescue Ship
Japan currently has two dedicated submarine rescue ship, namely the "Chiyoda" number (AS-405) and "Chihaya" No. (ASR-403), were served in 1985 and 2000.
AS-405 is a ship and submarine rescue, submarine repairs and supplies and other functions in one of the rescue ship, equipped with a flat-unpowered diving bell and a DSRV, equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment and sonar equipment, and carrying submarines The variety of supplies needed, including food, fresh water, torpedoes, missiles and other supplies, can also provide submarine batteries with charging services. The ship has a maintenance factory that can provide maintenance and inspections for submarines. The arrangement features include: a large working well with an upper deck vertically penetrating the ship's bottom inside the ship's forebody, and a large-scale cabin door below the working well. The upper deck in front of the working well is equipped with a storage warehouse for deep sea vehicles (including DSRV , diving bells, etc.), the generator room and mechanical room are located next to it , and the battery room and gas control room are located behind the working well. There are two decompression chambers on the second deck on both sides of the work well, one on the left and one on the right. The gas conditioning room and the compressor room of the decompression chamber are located on the third deck. For transfer device aspect, the front deck operation wells with a flat-lifting means comprises a hydraulic winch cranes and several groups, responsible for transporting the retractable diving carrier. At the top of the upper deck, there are vertical and horizontal slide rails for cranes. The longitudinal slide rails are used for the collection and transportation of submersible vehicles between storage and work wells. Lateral slide rails are used for submersible vehicles on both sides of work wells. Decompression chambers are docked. In addition, in order to avoid the noise and vibration of the turbine itself to the sonar detection during search and rescue, the AS-405 performs main engine noise reduction and vibration reduction. The turbine equipment is placed on an elastic shock-absorbing base, and the noise reduction cover separates the reduction gear box. Sound-absorbing materials are also provided in the main cabin to reduce the radiated noise.
Figure 2 AS-405 (upper) and AS-403 (lower) submarine rescue ships
ASR-403 is a rescue ship that combines the functions of submarine rescue and medical services. It was designed in accordance with AS-405 , but it has undergone expansion and improvement, increased drainage, rescue capability is higher than AS-405 , and has improved medical functions. degree of automation. In order to ensure the ship's cabin capacity and improve airworthiness performance, the ship adopts a tower ship type. The boat is equipped with multiple sets of search and rescue equipment a DSRV, 1 table ROV, 1 table divers vehicles (PTC), 1 table deep sea diving equipment (DDS), 1 set of seabed survey devices. Wherein the DDS vehicles divers, deck decompression chamber, a main console (MCC) etc., for divers decentralized operations; main role is ROV DSRV remote steering assist operations, it searches a depth of 2000 m, with 2 The robotic arm is lifted and lowered by the crane and is controlled by the rescue command post inside the bridge. Rescue equipment (systems) such as DSRV , DDS , and ROV are centrally arranged around a mid-moon pool where the ship's vibration is small. The deck decompression chamber is arranged on the 02 deck on the starboard side of the moon pool to meet the connection requirements of DSRV and PTC . The rescue intelligence center is adjacent to the bridge and is located on the upper part of the platform deck. The technical protection cabins are centrally arranged on the 02 , 03 and 04 decks of the bridge structure . The main engine and auxiliary engine are arranged at the rear of the moon pool. There are two side pushers before and after the waterline . In addition, there is a dynamic positioning system that is linked with the side thruster and the host to ensure that the ship stays at a fixed point. The medical area is located on the 01 deck near the stern, near the deck decompression chamber and crew area. The helicopter deck is located at the rear of the hull and can hold the MH-53E helicopter.
Figure 3 The three search and rescue devices onboard the ASR-403
Figure 4 Main layout of ASR-403
Singapore Special Submarine Rescue Ship " Swift Rescue "
In 2007 , Singapore Navy ordered a special submarine rescue ship “ Swift Rescue †to First Response MarinePte . The ship was delivered in 2009 and classified as ABS . The search and rescue equipment in the ship was certified by LR .
Figure 5 Submarine rescue ship “Swift Rescueâ€
The ship is equipped with a deep dive rescue device DSAR 6 , which is operated by 2 drivers and can accommodate 17 persons. The storage and pressure transfer ( TUP ) system is arranged on the main deck. The DSAR 6 has an opening on the tail to ensure Pressured personnel enter the TUP system. The 30- ton Retractable Launching System ( LARS ) is located in the middle of the stern and is capable of retracting DSAR 6 up to a maximum of 5 sea ​​states without the need for diver support. A deck transport system can move DSAR 6 from storage to under LARS for deployment. The Swift Rescue is also equipped with a ROV system that can detect the location of the missing submarine and clear the remains of the search and rescue hatch before deploying the DSAR 6 . The search and rescue process is characterized by a comprehensive nature. For example, the medical facilities must be complete. In addition to the TUP system, a variety of medical equipment is also deployed on the same deck, which facilitates the TUP system to transfer the wounded. In addition, the ship is equipped with a deck capable of carrying 12- ton helicopters. In order to facilitate the rescue, the ship is also equipped with 6 rigid inflatable boats. Complex technology, equipment reliability and redundancy, and system security are all necessary for the successful completion of the rescue mission. The ship uses an integrated navigation and tracking system that can monitor ROV , DSAR 6 and lost submarines during the operation .
It is understood that the Singapore Navy’s rescue system has made improvements compared to many existing rescue systems around the world, such as the use of high-energy lithium polymer batteries, the first time an air-conditioning system has been installed, and better performance has been achieved. Dump system, integrated apron design. Another major innovation of the ship is the deployment of a mobile pod on which DSAR 6 and TUP systems can be placed. This pod can transport rescue equipment to a temporary rescue vessel ( VOO ) in a simple manner , saving time in preparation. .
In the design phase, the safety of the system is extremely important. The DSAR 6 hull was subjected to static experiments before assembly. The safety of the lithium polymer battery was certified by the classification society, for example, automatic shut-off for charging and low battery capacity. Visual and audio alarm systems, these batteries are placed in separate pressure pods separate from the rescue aids of the dive rescue device, which can better protect the rescue crew. It is said that this system is currently the world's few rescue systems that can combine various rescue missions on a single platform.
It is also understood that in the design process, designers try to adopt international standards. For example, all hatches and interfaces adopt the STANAG 1297 specification, which can be compatible with submarines and systems using similar standards in other countries.
US Temporary Rescue Ship ( VOO )
The US Navy developed the first DSRV " Mystic " in January 1970 to overcome the shortcomings of the McCann diving bell. The DSRV has greater rescue capabilities, with more rescues and greater depth of relief. The U.S. Navy was building a dedicated submarine rescue ship ( ASR ) or using a specially modified submarine to transport the DSRV . But as the rescue technology, the shortcomings DSRV of the show, such as the limited global deployment capabilities and more difficult to transport, so the US Navy has developed a new rescue system SRDRS, which uses air transport, can be installed in all of VOO, that is of sufficient The deck space or facilities to accommodate SRDRS civilian or military vessels so that vessels near the wrecked submarine can serve as SRDRS platforms and eliminate reliance on improved submarines or specialized carriers. As the ship VOO including marine supply vessels, platform support vessels, anchor handling vessels, due to the global distribution of a large number of this type of temporary rescue ship, so you can quickly improve rescue capabilities. This can be seen from the U.S. submarine rescue program (see Figure 6 ). The U.S. Navy focuses on improving rescue response capabilities including time and speed, and rescue quality through the standardization / generalization of the mothership and air transportation of equipment.
Figure 6 U.S. submarine rescue procedures
The US Navy ’s requirements for VOO are as follows: To meet the airworthiness, the captain has a minimum length of 67.05 meters and a ship width of 12.19 meters . The minimum personnel loading requirement is 25 people. The minimum available deck area is 29.87 x 10.36 meters . The minimum static strength requirements for decks are 614 lbf/ft2 ( LARS ) and 512 lbf/ft2 (all), and the minimum dynamic strength requirement is 1024 lbf/ft2. For dynamic positioning, a 4- point mooring can be used within an observation radius of less than 152.4 meters . Keep positioning to meet the US Navy's minimum positioning requirements ( ABS DPS-2 ).
The world's major deep diving rescue device technology development
The main equipment of the submarine rescue system includes DSRV , diving bell, ROV , saturated diving system, single atmospheric diving equipment, and deck pressure cabin. The main current lifesaving equipment is DSRV and diving bell.
According to statistics from Jane's Yearbook 2013 to 2014 , at present, the navy of major countries (excluding China) has 16 types of DSRVs of different types (Russia's 1837 items are unknown), and the number of DSRVs in the United States and Russia is large, and the rest of the countries are basically in possession. For 1 set. From the perspective of device development, the United States, Britain, Canada, Sweden, Russia, Japan, etc. are among the countries with strong DSRV R&D capabilities, among which James FisherDefence ( JFD ) of the United Kingdom , Perry Slingsby systems of the United States , OceanWorks International of Canada , Kockums of Sweden Companies are among the world’s top deep-sea rescue device R&D companies. For example, JFD has developed multiple systems for the multinational navy, such as Sweden’s “ URF â€, Korea’s DSRV-5 , Singapore’s DSRV-6 , and Russia’s " Priz " level and so on.
United States SRDRS
In 2008
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