Sapphire is a beautiful, transparent gem-quality corundum. The English name for sapphire is sapphire, which is derived from Latin. The Spanish name is Zafiro. It is also the national stone of the United States.
The English name for sapphire is Sapphire, which is derived from Latin Sphins, meaning blue. The mineral name of sapphire is corundum, which is a corundum mineral. In fact, the gem-quality corundum in nature, in addition to the red called ruby, the other colors such as blue, light blue, green, yellow, gray, colorless, etc., are called sapphire.
The chemical composition of sapphire (AL2O3) is mainly Fe, Ti, and coloration.
Belongs to the trigonal system, refractive index 1.762-1.770, birefringence: 0.008~0.010
One-axis crystal negative light, in some cases with abnormal biaxial crystal
Gloss: bright glass luster to yam diamond
Polychromaticity: Colored sapphire has dichroism, generally, dark blue/blue, blue/light blue, blue-green, blue-gray, yellow sapphire with golden yellow/yellow, orange/light yellow, light yellow/ Colorless, and so on.
Sapphire is regarded as auspicious by the ancient people's mysterious supernatural color with its crystal clear and beautiful color. As early as in ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and ancient Rome, it was used to decorate mosques, churches and monasteries, and as a tribute to religious ceremonies. It has also become an indispensable accessory in the crown of the British Empire, the Crown of the Russian Tsar and the dress with diamonds and pearls. Since the gemstones entered the folklore in the past 100 years, sapphire has been among the top five precious stones in the world, and it is a precious jewel of people. The world of gemology defines sapphire as the birthstone of September. The Japanese chose it as a precious souvenir for the 23rd anniversary of marriage (sapphire) and the 26th anniversary (star sapphire).
There are not many world sapphire producing areas, mainly Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, China, etc., but in terms of gem quality, Myanmar and Sri Lanka have the best quality.
The chemical composition of sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which is blue due to the trace element titanium (Ti4+) or iron (Fe2+). It is a trigonal system. The shape of the crystal is often cylindrical, short column, plate, etc., and the geometry is mostly granular or dense. Transparent to translucent, glass luster. The refractive index is 1.76-1.77, the birefringence is 0.008, and the dichroism is strong. Heterogeneous. Sometimes it has a special optical effect - the starlight effect. The hardness is 9, and the density is 3.95-4.1 g/cm 3 . No cleavage, crack development. Under certain conditions, beautiful six-shot stars can be produced, called "Starlight Sapphire."
Sapphire can be divided into blue sapphire and brilliant (non-blue) sapphire. The color is best in the Indian cornflower blue. Sapphire is said to protect the king and the monarch from harm, and is known as the "stone of the emperor." The international gem world has designated sapphire as "the birthstone of September", symbolizing love, loyalty and firmness. Sapphire is one of the world's top five precious high-end gemstones.
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