Transgenic, not difficult to understand literally, refers to the transfer of genes. In fact, transgenes have two broad and specific meanings. Transgenic in a broad sense refers to gene transfer between organisms. Natural hybrids and natural selections among species in nature, and crossbreeding commonly used in agricultural production, have undergone gene recombination and have undergone genetic modification. For example, most of the crops that we grow today, and almost all the food we eat, are not wild species that have evolved naturally. Instead, they have been artificially bred for thousands of years. They are new species or new varieties created by the transfer of genes. . In this sense, the combination of genetic modification with biological evolution and genetic improvement has existed for a long time and is not new.
The transgene that people often say now has a specific meaning. It specifically refers to the use of modern genetic engineering (also known as genetic engineering) technology, artificially separating and genetically modifying the desired target genes, and reintroducing them into the organism's genome. Can improve the original traits of organisms or give them new good traits. The organisms obtained by the above means are genetically modified organisms, and are commonly referred to as "genetically modified organisms" (GMOs) internationally. China has now used the term "transgenic". In fact, the latter expression is more relevant and more targeted than the former.
Since its introduction in the 1970s, transgenic technology has become the core of modern biotechnology, triggering a profound technological revolution in the field of life sciences including agriculture. Taking agricultural crops as an example, transgenic breeding breaks through the genetic barriers that are difficult to solve with traditional methods, and can more effectively transform the genetic characteristics of crops to produce new varieties that are more productive, high-quality, multi-resistance, and high-efficiency; and can reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. To better protect the ecological environment; to ease resource constraints, expand agricultural functions, and further increase agricultural production efficiency. China is a populous country, and it is always a top priority to resolve the diet of 1.3 billion people. In the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, if we want to break through the constraints on resources such as arable land, water, and energy, and ensure the long-term effective supply of agricultural products (13.24, 0.05, and 0.38%), we must rely on scientific and technological innovation and its application in the final analysis. Therefore, seizing the opportunities for the development of genetically modified technologies and advancing the revolution in modern agricultural science and technology are inevitable choices for ensuring national food security and sustainable agricultural development, and are important ways to improve the international competitiveness of agricultural science and technology and industry.
Globally, GM crops have maintained a strong momentum of development since their industrialization in 1996. According to statistics released by the International Agricultural Biotechnology Application Service Organization throughout the year, the global acreage of GM crops in 2010 has reached 148 million hectares (equivalent to 2.22 million mu, which is 1.2 times the area of ​​cultivated land in China), and is 87 percent of the area used in 1996. Times, created a miracle of the development of modern agricultural science and technology. At present, there are 13 target traits involving pest resistance, herbicide resistance, and quality improvement, and 24 transgenic crops have been planted or marketed in the fields all over the world. 81% of soybeans, 64% of cotton, 29% of corn, and 23% of rape all over the world are genetically modified. There are 29 countries such as the United States, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, and China, including 8 EU member states, in addition to the large-scale cultivation of genetically modified crops. Although more than 30 countries and regions have not officially approved commercial planting, they are allowed to GMO products are imported for feed and food processing.
According to incomplete statistics, from 1996 to 2009, the world’s economic benefits from the cultivation of genetically modified crops amounted to US$65 billion (56% of which was increased production and quality, and 44% was saved), and 229 million tons of output losses were lost, or pesticides were reduced. The amount of 393,000 tons. 14.4 million rural households in developing countries increase their income and escape poverty due to the cultivation of genetically modified crops. Due to the significant benefits, many developing countries are eager to catch up and vigorously promote the development and application of genetically modified products. Since 2009, the growth rate of GM crop cultivation in developing countries has exceeded that of developed countries.
China's transgenic research has been developed and accumulated for more than 20 years, and it has now been initially established to be relatively complete, including gene cloning, genetic transformation, variety breeding, safety evaluation, product development, and application promotion. GM breeding innovation and industrial development system. Although the overall strength of research and development is still far behind that of the developed countries, it has possessed a number of independent intellectual property rights and core technologies that are resistant to pests, herbicides, high-quality, drought-resistant genes, and has achieved transgenic insect-resistant cotton and insect resistance. A batch of basic research and applied research results such as rice and phytase corn, which have reached the international advanced level, have initially formed their own characteristics and advantages. For example, the insect-resistant cotton independently developed by our country has promoted more than 33 billion yuan in economic benefits over the past 12 years, which has played a significant role in promoting agricultural production and increasing farmers' income.
After more than 20 years of development, the huge economic, social, and ecological benefits of genetically modified breeding have become more apparent at home and abroad. The speed with which it is popularized and applied has attracted worldwide attention. It is worth noting that this growth has been achieved in the "safety" controversy of the ups and downs. It also illustrates the great vitality of genetically modified technology. Transgenic has become the trend of the times and has become an inevitable development of agricultural science and technology. It can be predicted that with the continuous development of science and technology, genetically modified products will not only be welcomed by the majority of farmers, but will also be accepted by more consumers. The prospects for transgenic breeding will be even broader. (The author is a researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences: Huang Dazhao)
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