As the saying goes: People take food for the sky, and food for the first. Agricultural products are an important material basis for human survival and development. The quality and safety of agricultural products is a major issue related to human health and national economy and people's livelihood. The quality and safety level of agricultural products is an important content and main symbol of modern agricultural development. As an important and indispensable agricultural production material, pesticides play an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security, agricultural production safety, effective supply of agricultural products and increasing farmers' income. However, if the irrational use of pesticides will inevitably bring some serious problems, the outstanding performance is: serious pollution; killing natural enemies, destroying the natural ecological balance, causing pests to regenerate cockroaches; increasing the resistance of pests and diseases, leading to more difficult prevention and control; agricultural production The cost is increased; people have poisoning and phytotoxic accidents happening and so on. In order to give full play to the positive role of pesticide control and production, to avoid or reduce the negative impact of pesticides, pesticides must be used scientifically and safely. Let's share the knowledge and technology related to the safe use of pesticides.
1. What is a pesticide?
Refers pesticide used to prevent, control or eliminate hazards agriculture, forestry diseases, pests, weeds and other pests, and regulating a targeted chemical synthesis plant and insect growth or a substance derived from a biological and other natural substances or a mixture of several substances and their preparations.
2. Type and toxicity of pesticides.
Pesticides can be generally classified into chemical pesticides, microbial pesticides and plant-derived pesticides. However, there are many varieties of pesticides, and their functions, functions and uses are different, and they can be classified from different angles.
According to the classification of control objects, pesticides are classified into insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, rodenticides, herbicides and plant growth regulators. Among them, insecticides are used to control pests such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and sanitation. It has many varieties, wide application and rapid development. Insecticides and acaricides can be further divided into: stomach poisons, contact agents, systemic agents, fumigants, antifeedants, repellents, sticking agents, insect growth regulators, depending on the mode of action. Bactericides can be classified into protective agents, therapeutic agents, and eradicators. Herbicides can be classified into systemic herbicides and contact herbicides, and are classified into selective herbicides and herbicides according to their properties.
Pesticides are toxic substances, and the toxicity of pesticides is the main indicator of whether it can harm the environment and human and animal safety. Acute toxicity is a common indicator for measuring the strength of pesticides. The grading standard for pesticide toxicity in China is five grades: highly toxic, highly toxic, moderately toxic, low toxic and slightly toxic.
3. There are strict regulations on the prohibition and restriction of use of highly toxic pesticides.
The announcements of No. 194, No. 199, No. 322, No. 1157 and No. 1586 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China clearly stipulate that pesticides prohibited from production, sale and use in China shall not be allowed in vegetables, fruit trees, tea or Chinese herbal medicines. The variety of pesticides used and restricted.
There are currently 33 pesticides that are banned from production, sale and use: 666, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, insecticide, dibromoethane, herbicide, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury, Arsenic, lead, diazepam, fluoroacetamide, glyphosate, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, tetramine silicon, methamidophos, methyl parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphonamine, benzene Line phosphorus, chlorpyrifos, methylthiophosphorus, calcium phosphide, magnesium phosphide, zinc phosphide, sulphur phosphorus, fly venom, strontium phosphorus, tert-butyl phosphate.
Pesticides (17 types) that must not be used or restricted on vegetables, fruit trees, tea, Chinese herbal medicines: gamma-producing phosphorus, methyl iso-phosphorus, endogenous phosphorus, carbofuran, aldicarb, in-line phosphorus, sulfur Cyclophosphorus and chlorpyrifos are used on vegetables, fruit trees, tea and Chinese herbal medicines. Omethoate is prohibited from being used on cabbage and citrus trees; dicofol and fenvalerate are prohibited from being used on tea trees; butyryl hydrazide (for longer time) is used on peanuts; acesulfame is prohibited from being used on citrus trees; Dove is used on citrus, apple, tea and cruciferous vegetables; endosulfan is prohibited on apple and tea trees; bromine is not allowed on strawberries and cucumbers; except for sanitary, corn and other dry field seeds In addition to the agent, fipronil is prohibited from being used in other ways.
According to the Regulations on the Administration of Pesticides, any pesticide product shall not be used beyond the approved use range of the pesticide grade.
4. Reasonable drug selection should be “five lookâ€.
A look at the object. There are many varieties of pesticides on the market, the quality of pesticides is uneven, and the control objects are also very different. It is necessary to select pesticides according to the target of prevention and treatment, to achieve symptomatic medication and to avoid blind medication. Select predators killing effect of pesticides on small as possible. For example, the insects that bite the leaves can use the agent with strong stomach toxicity, such as the cabbage caterpillar, you can choose the drug with stomach toxicity such as dichlorvos; the pests that suck the plant juice should use the systemic drugs, like mites, locusts, leaves内 A systemic drug such as imidacloprid can be used.
Second, look at the drug species. To buy pesticides according to the type of pest control is desired, attending to determine what is and what is rid of pesticides. It is preferred to use safe, efficient and economical low-toxic and low-residue counterpart pesticides, especially biological pesticides, to gradually eliminate high-toxic, high-residue broad-spectrum pesticides, and resolutely not to ban pesticides by the state.
Three look at the packaging. To purchase and use pesticides, it is necessary to carefully identify the label and description of the pesticide. For the qualified commodity pesticides, the label and the manual are marked with the pesticide name, active ingredient, registered trademark, batch number, date of manufacture, shelf life and the number of pesticide registration certificate of the three licenses. Production approval certificate number and product standard number, with product manual and certificate.
Do not buy pesticides that are not "three certificates" and that do not have "three certificates". In addition, there is a careful inspection of the outer packaging of the pesticide. Do not buy any pesticides whose labels and instructions are unclear or have no formal label. In addition to hygienic pesticides, there is a non-fading characteristic color marking strip parallel to the bottom edge of the pesticide label to indicate different types of pesticides. The herbicide is green; the insecticide, acaricide and molluscicide are red; the fungicide and nematicide are black; the plant growth regulator is dark yellow; the rodenticide is blue.
Four look at the appearance. If the powder, wettable powder, and soluble powder have agglomeration; the water agent has turbidity; the emulsifiable concentrate is opaque; the powder is too much in the granules, and the above pesticides are not suitable for purchase of pesticides or inferior pesticides. In addition, the purchase of pesticides should pay attention to more than one pesticide or one multi-drug of pesticides, do not buy the wrong, especially insecticides. Such as Dagongchen, four seasons red, one pass net, phlegm and imidacloprid WP, ​​belong to more than one drug; and the same pesticide called rice worm, some are insecticide and BT compound, some are The combination of pyrethroid pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides, and some organic phosphorus mixtures, etc., although the drug name is the same, its active ingredients are completely different.
Five to see the dosage form. Common dosage forms of pesticides include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, suspending agents, water emulsions, microemulsions, granules, water dispersing agents and smoke agents. Environmentally friendly dosage forms such as water emulsions, microemulsions and water-soluble granules should be preferred.
5, safe dispensing "two off".
The first is to use the amount of quasi-drugs. According to the requirements of the plant protection department or according to the recommended dosage on the pesticide label, accurately weigh the amount of the drug and the amount of water, do not mix the pesticides at will, or increase the dosage.
The second is to use the "secondary method" to dilute the off. First use a small amount of water to dilute the pesticide into a "mother liquor", and then dilute the "mother liquor" to the required concentration; mix the soil, sand and other pesticides. The pesticide preparation should be diluted to a "mother powder" with a small amount of diluted carrier (fine soil, fine sand, solid fertilizer, etc.), and then diluted to the required amount.
6, scientific use of drugs to catch "six points."
(1) Appropriate use of drugs. Dosage should avoid sensitive periods of sensitive crops and crops to prevent phytotoxicity. According to the occurrence characteristics of diseases, insects and grasses and the different characteristics of the medicines, the best time to apply the medicine. Neither can you simply emphasize "governing the morning and treating the small", nor can you miss the favorable period. Especially for herbicides, it is necessary to look at the grass and look at the seedlings. For example, pre-emergence herbicides must not be used after germination. Bactericides are generally applied at the onset of the disease, and insecticides are generally applied during the egg hatching period or the younger larval stage. For example, the prevention and treatment of rice panicle neck sputum is based on the period of drug use, early use of early breakage, late use of late drug, and another drug in the same stage. The release of the rodenticide bait should be best in the rodent fasting stage and before the mass reproduction, so the spring rodent control effect is the best. For the slow-acting characteristics of bio-pesticides, it can be applied in advance.
(2) Symptomatic administration. First of all, it is necessary to accurately identify the types of pests and diseases, determine the key control targets, and select appropriate pesticide varieties and dosage forms according to the occurrence period and degree of occurrence. To prevent and treat diseases, spray protective agents before the disease occurs. After the disease occurs, spray the therapeutic agent. To control diseases, we must grasp the principle of first protection and treatment, seize the best timing of application, and continue to use drugs several times to achieve good results.
(3) Rational use of drugs. In the case of ensuring the control effect, do not blindly increase the dose, concentration and frequency of application. Some farmers' friends are used to increasing the amount of drugs used and the number of uses when using pesticides. Increasing the amount of drug is easy to cause resistance to bacteria and pests. In severe cases, phytotoxicity may occur, resulting in excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products. In the effective concentration range, low-concentration drugs should be used as much as possible for prevention and control. The number of prevention and treatment should be determined according to the residual period of the drug and the degree of occurrence of pests and diseases, to prevent regular application of drugs, to prevent the drug from being called, and not to drop the drug. Reasonable practice.
(4) Appropriate application of drugs. When applying medicine in the field, be careful and pay attention to quality. Pesticide is used in the critical area according to the part of the pest that is harmful to the crop. Different pesticide formulations should use different methods of application. Generally speaking, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and water-based agents are mainly sprayed; granules are mainly applied by spreading or deep application; powders are mainly based on toxic soil; and highly medicinal agents can be sprayed or poured. , poisoning soil law, etc.; contact agents are mainly spray. Pesticides with different mechanisms of action should also adopt different methods of application to achieve the highest control effect.
According to the occurrence of the disease, the activity of the pests, and the different pesticide dosage forms, different application methods and application time are selected to affect the pests of the upper leaves, mainly by spraying, drilling or pests at the base of the crop. The poisonous soil method or splashing is the main. Any pest that is harmful at night will have a better effect in the evening.
In addition, attention should also be paid to the quality of spraying. For example, when spraying soil-blocking herbicides, it is necessary to spray enough liquid to form a closed film. Otherwise, the liquid is only distributed in a dot shape, which does not achieve the effect of blocking weeding. When spraying insecticides and fungicides, it is necessary to apply uniformity evenly, so that the liquid is evenly distributed on the foliage, leaf back or stem base. Otherwise, new insect sources and bacterial sources are formed on the spot, causing the harm to occur again. .
(5) Reasonable rotation and mixing of pesticides. Practice has proved that long-term continuous use of a single pesticide species in the same place is likely to cause resistance to pests such as pests and diseases. In particular, some pyrethroid insecticides and systemic fungicides have been used continuously for several years, and the control effect has been greatly reduced. However, if the rotation of different pesticides with different properties is used, the control effect of the pesticide will be improved. The rational mixing of pesticides can not only improve the control effect, but also expand the control objects and delay the development of resistance to pests and diseases. But not blindly mixed. Otherwise, it will not only cause waste, but also reduce the efficacy of the drug, and even cause adverse consequences such as poisoning of humans and animals.
When mixing, you must pay attention to: First, pesticides that are decomposed and failed by alkaline substances cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides, fertilizers or alkaline substances. Once mixed, these pesticides will quickly decompose and fail. Second, the chemical reaction will occur after mixing, so that pesticides and fertilizers that cause plant phytotoxicity cannot be mixed with each other. Third, pesticide formulations or fertilizers that exhibit emulsion damage after mixing cannot be mixed with each other. The fourth is a pesticide dosage form that produces flocculation or a large amount of precipitation after mixing, and cannot be mixed with each other.
In addition, vegetable oil additives and silicone additives have the properties of permeability and adhesion, and proper selection can effectively improve the efficacy and reduce the amount of chemical pesticides.
(6) Select the right medicine device. Consider appropriate control equipment, control sites, crop types and growth conditions, pesticide dosage forms, control methods, and scale of control. There are many types of pesticide spray equipment in China, and it is necessary to select the medicines produced by regular manufacturers and qualified by the quality inspection department. Pay attention to the use and maintenance of the product, avoid running, running, dripping, leaking, and regularly replace worn nozzles. There are two common types of nozzles, one is a fan-shaped nozzle, the spray surface is fan-shaped, the droplets are larger, the drift is less, suitable for spraying herbicides; the other is a hollow conical nozzle, which is more like a droplet. Fine, easy to drift, the droplets can contact the leaves from more directions, suitable for spraying insecticide on the foliar surface, not suitable for spraying herbicides. If the herbicide is sprayed with such a nozzle, it is easy to cause drifting phytotoxicity. The application equipment cannot be mixed. Under normal circumstances, the sprayer that sprays the pesticide and the bactericide can spray other insecticides and bactericides after three times of cleaning, but the sprayer that sprays the herbicide should be used exclusively and cannot be used for spraying. Apply other types of pesticides.
7, security protection "six attention."
(1) Reasonable selection of pesticide application personnel. The pesticide application personnel should be in good health, have special training in plant protection and prevention, and have certain knowledge of plant protection. Old and frail persons, children, and pregnant or lactating women cannot apply drugs.
(2) Scientific use of application equipment. Before applying the medicine, check whether the application equipment is in good condition. Do not overfill the liquid medicine in the sprayer when applying the medicine to avoid leakage of the liquid, contaminate the skin and protective clothing. The application site should have enough water and cleaning agent. First aid kits, repair tools, etc.
(3) The equipment for the application of pesticides should be complete. Applicators should wear the necessary protective equipment. Such as gloves, masks, protective clothing, etc., to prevent pesticides from entering the eyes, touching the skin or inhaling the body.
(4) Pay attention to the safety of application. Do not apply medicine when there is rain, strong wind, high temperature or rain, or when there is dew. Apply the medicine when the temperature drops after 4 pm in the hot season; always apply in the upper wind position, do not apply the wind against the wind; do not eat during the application. Drinking water, smoking; when the nozzle is blocked, do not use your mouth to blow, use a toothpick, straw or water to dredge. Change clothes and wash your body in time after application.
(5) Popularize first aid knowledge. To master the knowledge of poisoning first aid. If the pesticide is splashed in the eyes or on the skin, rinse with plenty of water in time, such as headache. Symptoms of poisoning such as nausea and vomiting. The job should be stopped immediately. Take off contaminated clothing and bring pesticide labels to the hospital. You can also call the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Poison Control Center at 010-86133338.
(6) Properly clean the medicine. The application equipment should be washed after each use. Do not rinse in rivers, streams, or wells to avoid polluting water. Pesticide waste packaging should be strictly prohibited for use as it is, and it should not be littered. It should be stored in a centralized manner and properly disposed of. After the drug is used, it should be washed repeatedly with detergent and repeatedly cleaned with a detergent and water.
8. Observe the safety interval. In order to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, the safety interval regulations must be strictly observed in the safe use of pesticides. The safety interval of pesticides refers to the number of days between the last application and the harvest of crops, that is, the number of days of days before the harvest is prohibited. In actual production, the time from the last spray to the crop (product) should be slightly longer than the safety interval specified on the label. In order to ensure that the residue of agricultural products does not exceed the standard, it cannot be harvested during the safety interval. Different pesticides have different safety intervals and should be used in accordance with the pesticide labeling regulations.
9. Safe disposal of residual pesticides and discarded pesticide packaging. Before spraying, accurately match the liquid according to the area of ​​the crop to be applied, and try to avoid the remaining liquid in the sprayer. If the sprayer's solution has not been used up, it should be disposed of properly. One is sprayed on another suitable crop; the other is to add 10 times of water to the remaining liquid, and then dilute it and pour it into the sprayed area, but it must be that the ground has not been applied excessively before application. To avoid pesticide residues in crops and pesticide residues in the soil exceeding the standard hazard crops. Third, it is strictly forbidden to pour waste liquid into ditches, ponds and reservoirs.
When applying in the field, the empty packaging of the newly used pesticide should be cleaned 3 times in time. The cleaning step is as follows: a small basin filled with water, a water scoop and the like are filled with sufficient water, and the pesticide is packaged in water and repeatedly shaken and washed, and the washed water is poured into a sprayer to avoid waste. This is repeated three times. Directly charged small and medium-sized aluminum foil bags or plastic bottles or glass bottles with a capacity of 1 liter and less, should be cleaned 3 times after medicinal use, and various empty and empty bottles of pesticides used in the field, after 3 times After cleaning, it should be placed in a plastic bag prepared in advance and brought back for disposal. Containers containing pesticides should be cleaned as completely as possible. Pesticide waste packaging should not be used for other purposes, nor can it be discarded, buried or incinerated at random. It should be delivered to designated places, such as garbage tanks, waste recycling pools, empty packaging bins for pesticides, and empty packaging for pesticide stores. Bucket, etc.
10, safe storage "five do not forget."
(1) Can be stored without storage. Pesticides are used with the equipment to minimize storage and storage time.
(2) Safe storage. Pesticides should be stored in a safe and suitable place, and should not be close to or mixed with food, food, or feed. Can not be stored with the seeds.
(3) Keep it properly or mark it. The stored pesticide package should have a complete, firm and clear label for the next scientific and safe use. If it is damaged, mark it and label it to prevent misuse.
(4) Protected from light and sealed. It is necessary to avoid decomposition and deterioration of pesticides due to exposure, and to pay attention to sealing to avoid reducing the effect due to volatilization.
(5) Classified storage. According to chemical composition, pesticides can be divided into three categories: acidic, alkaline and neutral. These three types of pesticides should be stored separately, not too close to prevent the deterioration of pesticides; nor can they be stored together with alkaline substances, ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium nitrate.
Concluding remarks: We may wish to compare the scientific and safe use of pesticides to military warfare: one is to detect enemy situations - pest and disease monitoring, the second is to select "firearms" - medicine, the third is to match "bullets" - pesticides, and the fourth is science. Fighting" - technology, five is logistics support - security protection. Only farmers who have mastered the technical essentials of scientific and safe use of pesticides and put them into practice can seize the opportunity in this long-lasting agricultural product quality and safety defense war.
1. What is a pesticide?
Refers pesticide used to prevent, control or eliminate hazards agriculture, forestry diseases, pests, weeds and other pests, and regulating a targeted chemical synthesis plant and insect growth or a substance derived from a biological and other natural substances or a mixture of several substances and their preparations.
2. Type and toxicity of pesticides.
Pesticides can be generally classified into chemical pesticides, microbial pesticides and plant-derived pesticides. However, there are many varieties of pesticides, and their functions, functions and uses are different, and they can be classified from different angles.
According to the classification of control objects, pesticides are classified into insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, rodenticides, herbicides and plant growth regulators. Among them, insecticides are used to control pests such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and sanitation. It has many varieties, wide application and rapid development. Insecticides and acaricides can be further divided into: stomach poisons, contact agents, systemic agents, fumigants, antifeedants, repellents, sticking agents, insect growth regulators, depending on the mode of action. Bactericides can be classified into protective agents, therapeutic agents, and eradicators. Herbicides can be classified into systemic herbicides and contact herbicides, and are classified into selective herbicides and herbicides according to their properties.
Pesticides are toxic substances, and the toxicity of pesticides is the main indicator of whether it can harm the environment and human and animal safety. Acute toxicity is a common indicator for measuring the strength of pesticides. The grading standard for pesticide toxicity in China is five grades: highly toxic, highly toxic, moderately toxic, low toxic and slightly toxic.
3. There are strict regulations on the prohibition and restriction of use of highly toxic pesticides.
The announcements of No. 194, No. 199, No. 322, No. 1157 and No. 1586 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China clearly stipulate that pesticides prohibited from production, sale and use in China shall not be allowed in vegetables, fruit trees, tea or Chinese herbal medicines. The variety of pesticides used and restricted.
There are currently 33 pesticides that are banned from production, sale and use: 666, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, insecticide, dibromoethane, herbicide, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury, Arsenic, lead, diazepam, fluoroacetamide, glyphosate, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, tetramine silicon, methamidophos, methyl parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphonamine, benzene Line phosphorus, chlorpyrifos, methylthiophosphorus, calcium phosphide, magnesium phosphide, zinc phosphide, sulphur phosphorus, fly venom, strontium phosphorus, tert-butyl phosphate.
Pesticides (17 types) that must not be used or restricted on vegetables, fruit trees, tea, Chinese herbal medicines: gamma-producing phosphorus, methyl iso-phosphorus, endogenous phosphorus, carbofuran, aldicarb, in-line phosphorus, sulfur Cyclophosphorus and chlorpyrifos are used on vegetables, fruit trees, tea and Chinese herbal medicines. Omethoate is prohibited from being used on cabbage and citrus trees; dicofol and fenvalerate are prohibited from being used on tea trees; butyryl hydrazide (for longer time) is used on peanuts; acesulfame is prohibited from being used on citrus trees; Dove is used on citrus, apple, tea and cruciferous vegetables; endosulfan is prohibited on apple and tea trees; bromine is not allowed on strawberries and cucumbers; except for sanitary, corn and other dry field seeds In addition to the agent, fipronil is prohibited from being used in other ways.
According to the Regulations on the Administration of Pesticides, any pesticide product shall not be used beyond the approved use range of the pesticide grade.
4. Reasonable drug selection should be “five lookâ€.
A look at the object. There are many varieties of pesticides on the market, the quality of pesticides is uneven, and the control objects are also very different. It is necessary to select pesticides according to the target of prevention and treatment, to achieve symptomatic medication and to avoid blind medication. Select predators killing effect of pesticides on small as possible. For example, the insects that bite the leaves can use the agent with strong stomach toxicity, such as the cabbage caterpillar, you can choose the drug with stomach toxicity such as dichlorvos; the pests that suck the plant juice should use the systemic drugs, like mites, locusts, leaves内 A systemic drug such as imidacloprid can be used.
Second, look at the drug species. To buy pesticides according to the type of pest control is desired, attending to determine what is and what is rid of pesticides. It is preferred to use safe, efficient and economical low-toxic and low-residue counterpart pesticides, especially biological pesticides, to gradually eliminate high-toxic, high-residue broad-spectrum pesticides, and resolutely not to ban pesticides by the state.
Three look at the packaging. To purchase and use pesticides, it is necessary to carefully identify the label and description of the pesticide. For the qualified commodity pesticides, the label and the manual are marked with the pesticide name, active ingredient, registered trademark, batch number, date of manufacture, shelf life and the number of pesticide registration certificate of the three licenses. Production approval certificate number and product standard number, with product manual and certificate.
Do not buy pesticides that are not "three certificates" and that do not have "three certificates". In addition, there is a careful inspection of the outer packaging of the pesticide. Do not buy any pesticides whose labels and instructions are unclear or have no formal label. In addition to hygienic pesticides, there is a non-fading characteristic color marking strip parallel to the bottom edge of the pesticide label to indicate different types of pesticides. The herbicide is green; the insecticide, acaricide and molluscicide are red; the fungicide and nematicide are black; the plant growth regulator is dark yellow; the rodenticide is blue.
Four look at the appearance. If the powder, wettable powder, and soluble powder have agglomeration; the water agent has turbidity; the emulsifiable concentrate is opaque; the powder is too much in the granules, and the above pesticides are not suitable for purchase of pesticides or inferior pesticides. In addition, the purchase of pesticides should pay attention to more than one pesticide or one multi-drug of pesticides, do not buy the wrong, especially insecticides. Such as Dagongchen, four seasons red, one pass net, phlegm and imidacloprid WP, ​​belong to more than one drug; and the same pesticide called rice worm, some are insecticide and BT compound, some are The combination of pyrethroid pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides, and some organic phosphorus mixtures, etc., although the drug name is the same, its active ingredients are completely different.
Five to see the dosage form. Common dosage forms of pesticides include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, suspending agents, water emulsions, microemulsions, granules, water dispersing agents and smoke agents. Environmentally friendly dosage forms such as water emulsions, microemulsions and water-soluble granules should be preferred.
5, safe dispensing "two off".
The first is to use the amount of quasi-drugs. According to the requirements of the plant protection department or according to the recommended dosage on the pesticide label, accurately weigh the amount of the drug and the amount of water, do not mix the pesticides at will, or increase the dosage.
The second is to use the "secondary method" to dilute the off. First use a small amount of water to dilute the pesticide into a "mother liquor", and then dilute the "mother liquor" to the required concentration; mix the soil, sand and other pesticides. The pesticide preparation should be diluted to a "mother powder" with a small amount of diluted carrier (fine soil, fine sand, solid fertilizer, etc.), and then diluted to the required amount.
6, scientific use of drugs to catch "six points."
(1) Appropriate use of drugs. Dosage should avoid sensitive periods of sensitive crops and crops to prevent phytotoxicity. According to the occurrence characteristics of diseases, insects and grasses and the different characteristics of the medicines, the best time to apply the medicine. Neither can you simply emphasize "governing the morning and treating the small", nor can you miss the favorable period. Especially for herbicides, it is necessary to look at the grass and look at the seedlings. For example, pre-emergence herbicides must not be used after germination. Bactericides are generally applied at the onset of the disease, and insecticides are generally applied during the egg hatching period or the younger larval stage. For example, the prevention and treatment of rice panicle neck sputum is based on the period of drug use, early use of early breakage, late use of late drug, and another drug in the same stage. The release of the rodenticide bait should be best in the rodent fasting stage and before the mass reproduction, so the spring rodent control effect is the best. For the slow-acting characteristics of bio-pesticides, it can be applied in advance.
(2) Symptomatic administration. First of all, it is necessary to accurately identify the types of pests and diseases, determine the key control targets, and select appropriate pesticide varieties and dosage forms according to the occurrence period and degree of occurrence. To prevent and treat diseases, spray protective agents before the disease occurs. After the disease occurs, spray the therapeutic agent. To control diseases, we must grasp the principle of first protection and treatment, seize the best timing of application, and continue to use drugs several times to achieve good results.
(3) Rational use of drugs. In the case of ensuring the control effect, do not blindly increase the dose, concentration and frequency of application. Some farmers' friends are used to increasing the amount of drugs used and the number of uses when using pesticides. Increasing the amount of drug is easy to cause resistance to bacteria and pests. In severe cases, phytotoxicity may occur, resulting in excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products. In the effective concentration range, low-concentration drugs should be used as much as possible for prevention and control. The number of prevention and treatment should be determined according to the residual period of the drug and the degree of occurrence of pests and diseases, to prevent regular application of drugs, to prevent the drug from being called, and not to drop the drug. Reasonable practice.
(4) Appropriate application of drugs. When applying medicine in the field, be careful and pay attention to quality. Pesticide is used in the critical area according to the part of the pest that is harmful to the crop. Different pesticide formulations should use different methods of application. Generally speaking, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and water-based agents are mainly sprayed; granules are mainly applied by spreading or deep application; powders are mainly based on toxic soil; and highly medicinal agents can be sprayed or poured. , poisoning soil law, etc.; contact agents are mainly spray. Pesticides with different mechanisms of action should also adopt different methods of application to achieve the highest control effect.
According to the occurrence of the disease, the activity of the pests, and the different pesticide dosage forms, different application methods and application time are selected to affect the pests of the upper leaves, mainly by spraying, drilling or pests at the base of the crop. The poisonous soil method or splashing is the main. Any pest that is harmful at night will have a better effect in the evening.
In addition, attention should also be paid to the quality of spraying. For example, when spraying soil-blocking herbicides, it is necessary to spray enough liquid to form a closed film. Otherwise, the liquid is only distributed in a dot shape, which does not achieve the effect of blocking weeding. When spraying insecticides and fungicides, it is necessary to apply uniformity evenly, so that the liquid is evenly distributed on the foliage, leaf back or stem base. Otherwise, new insect sources and bacterial sources are formed on the spot, causing the harm to occur again. .
(5) Reasonable rotation and mixing of pesticides. Practice has proved that long-term continuous use of a single pesticide species in the same place is likely to cause resistance to pests such as pests and diseases. In particular, some pyrethroid insecticides and systemic fungicides have been used continuously for several years, and the control effect has been greatly reduced. However, if the rotation of different pesticides with different properties is used, the control effect of the pesticide will be improved. The rational mixing of pesticides can not only improve the control effect, but also expand the control objects and delay the development of resistance to pests and diseases. But not blindly mixed. Otherwise, it will not only cause waste, but also reduce the efficacy of the drug, and even cause adverse consequences such as poisoning of humans and animals.
When mixing, you must pay attention to: First, pesticides that are decomposed and failed by alkaline substances cannot be mixed with alkaline pesticides, fertilizers or alkaline substances. Once mixed, these pesticides will quickly decompose and fail. Second, the chemical reaction will occur after mixing, so that pesticides and fertilizers that cause plant phytotoxicity cannot be mixed with each other. Third, pesticide formulations or fertilizers that exhibit emulsion damage after mixing cannot be mixed with each other. The fourth is a pesticide dosage form that produces flocculation or a large amount of precipitation after mixing, and cannot be mixed with each other.
In addition, vegetable oil additives and silicone additives have the properties of permeability and adhesion, and proper selection can effectively improve the efficacy and reduce the amount of chemical pesticides.
(6) Select the right medicine device. Consider appropriate control equipment, control sites, crop types and growth conditions, pesticide dosage forms, control methods, and scale of control. There are many types of pesticide spray equipment in China, and it is necessary to select the medicines produced by regular manufacturers and qualified by the quality inspection department. Pay attention to the use and maintenance of the product, avoid running, running, dripping, leaking, and regularly replace worn nozzles. There are two common types of nozzles, one is a fan-shaped nozzle, the spray surface is fan-shaped, the droplets are larger, the drift is less, suitable for spraying herbicides; the other is a hollow conical nozzle, which is more like a droplet. Fine, easy to drift, the droplets can contact the leaves from more directions, suitable for spraying insecticide on the foliar surface, not suitable for spraying herbicides. If the herbicide is sprayed with such a nozzle, it is easy to cause drifting phytotoxicity. The application equipment cannot be mixed. Under normal circumstances, the sprayer that sprays the pesticide and the bactericide can spray other insecticides and bactericides after three times of cleaning, but the sprayer that sprays the herbicide should be used exclusively and cannot be used for spraying. Apply other types of pesticides.
7, security protection "six attention."
(1) Reasonable selection of pesticide application personnel. The pesticide application personnel should be in good health, have special training in plant protection and prevention, and have certain knowledge of plant protection. Old and frail persons, children, and pregnant or lactating women cannot apply drugs.
(2) Scientific use of application equipment. Before applying the medicine, check whether the application equipment is in good condition. Do not overfill the liquid medicine in the sprayer when applying the medicine to avoid leakage of the liquid, contaminate the skin and protective clothing. The application site should have enough water and cleaning agent. First aid kits, repair tools, etc.
(3) The equipment for the application of pesticides should be complete. Applicators should wear the necessary protective equipment. Such as gloves, masks, protective clothing, etc., to prevent pesticides from entering the eyes, touching the skin or inhaling the body.
(4) Pay attention to the safety of application. Do not apply medicine when there is rain, strong wind, high temperature or rain, or when there is dew. Apply the medicine when the temperature drops after 4 pm in the hot season; always apply in the upper wind position, do not apply the wind against the wind; do not eat during the application. Drinking water, smoking; when the nozzle is blocked, do not use your mouth to blow, use a toothpick, straw or water to dredge. Change clothes and wash your body in time after application.
(5) Popularize first aid knowledge. To master the knowledge of poisoning first aid. If the pesticide is splashed in the eyes or on the skin, rinse with plenty of water in time, such as headache. Symptoms of poisoning such as nausea and vomiting. The job should be stopped immediately. Take off contaminated clothing and bring pesticide labels to the hospital. You can also call the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Poison Control Center at 010-86133338.
(6) Properly clean the medicine. The application equipment should be washed after each use. Do not rinse in rivers, streams, or wells to avoid polluting water. Pesticide waste packaging should be strictly prohibited for use as it is, and it should not be littered. It should be stored in a centralized manner and properly disposed of. After the drug is used, it should be washed repeatedly with detergent and repeatedly cleaned with a detergent and water.
8. Observe the safety interval. In order to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, the safety interval regulations must be strictly observed in the safe use of pesticides. The safety interval of pesticides refers to the number of days between the last application and the harvest of crops, that is, the number of days of days before the harvest is prohibited. In actual production, the time from the last spray to the crop (product) should be slightly longer than the safety interval specified on the label. In order to ensure that the residue of agricultural products does not exceed the standard, it cannot be harvested during the safety interval. Different pesticides have different safety intervals and should be used in accordance with the pesticide labeling regulations.
9. Safe disposal of residual pesticides and discarded pesticide packaging. Before spraying, accurately match the liquid according to the area of ​​the crop to be applied, and try to avoid the remaining liquid in the sprayer. If the sprayer's solution has not been used up, it should be disposed of properly. One is sprayed on another suitable crop; the other is to add 10 times of water to the remaining liquid, and then dilute it and pour it into the sprayed area, but it must be that the ground has not been applied excessively before application. To avoid pesticide residues in crops and pesticide residues in the soil exceeding the standard hazard crops. Third, it is strictly forbidden to pour waste liquid into ditches, ponds and reservoirs.
When applying in the field, the empty packaging of the newly used pesticide should be cleaned 3 times in time. The cleaning step is as follows: a small basin filled with water, a water scoop and the like are filled with sufficient water, and the pesticide is packaged in water and repeatedly shaken and washed, and the washed water is poured into a sprayer to avoid waste. This is repeated three times. Directly charged small and medium-sized aluminum foil bags or plastic bottles or glass bottles with a capacity of 1 liter and less, should be cleaned 3 times after medicinal use, and various empty and empty bottles of pesticides used in the field, after 3 times After cleaning, it should be placed in a plastic bag prepared in advance and brought back for disposal. Containers containing pesticides should be cleaned as completely as possible. Pesticide waste packaging should not be used for other purposes, nor can it be discarded, buried or incinerated at random. It should be delivered to designated places, such as garbage tanks, waste recycling pools, empty packaging bins for pesticides, and empty packaging for pesticide stores. Bucket, etc.
10, safe storage "five do not forget."
(1) Can be stored without storage. Pesticides are used with the equipment to minimize storage and storage time.
(2) Safe storage. Pesticides should be stored in a safe and suitable place, and should not be close to or mixed with food, food, or feed. Can not be stored with the seeds.
(3) Keep it properly or mark it. The stored pesticide package should have a complete, firm and clear label for the next scientific and safe use. If it is damaged, mark it and label it to prevent misuse.
(4) Protected from light and sealed. It is necessary to avoid decomposition and deterioration of pesticides due to exposure, and to pay attention to sealing to avoid reducing the effect due to volatilization.
(5) Classified storage. According to chemical composition, pesticides can be divided into three categories: acidic, alkaline and neutral. These three types of pesticides should be stored separately, not too close to prevent the deterioration of pesticides; nor can they be stored together with alkaline substances, ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium nitrate.
Concluding remarks: We may wish to compare the scientific and safe use of pesticides to military warfare: one is to detect enemy situations - pest and disease monitoring, the second is to select "firearms" - medicine, the third is to match "bullets" - pesticides, and the fourth is science. Fighting" - technology, five is logistics support - security protection. Only farmers who have mastered the technical essentials of scientific and safe use of pesticides and put them into practice can seize the opportunity in this long-lasting agricultural product quality and safety defense war.
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