Antibiotics play a huge role in the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases. However, due to the long-term use of antibiotics, especially the non-standard abuse of antibiotics, the problem of bacterial resistance is seriously caused, which brings new difficulties to the treatment of livestock diseases. I will summarize the practical experience of many years and talk about some experiences on the rational use of antibiotics.
(1) Precautions for the use of antibiotics 1. When the virus is infected, antibiotics are used for the prevention of secondary infection of conditional bacteria. The most common conditional bacteria are Pasteurella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, etc., especially E. coli is more susceptible to secondary infection. For example, bird flu, swine flu, etc., which occur more frequently in the spring and autumn seasons, are necessary for the prevention of emergency epidemic prevention and antiviral drugs, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for prevention.
2. When the pathogenic bacteria are not determined, a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug should be used to improve the sterilization coverage and avoid the leakage of the bacteria.
3. Master the time and duration of medication, and use it early and acutely.
4. To control the dosage used. The first amount should be slightly larger, generally twice the amount of maintenance, and the amount of maintenance should be used later, and the course of treatment should be used to consolidate the effect.
5. Combination medication should pay great attention to incompatibility. For example, during the breeding period, the bactericidal drugs (penicillins and cephalosporins) should not be combined with the quick-acting antibacterial drugs (tetracyclines, macrolides) and slow-acting inhibitors (sulfonamides); while the bactericidal drugs and the stationary bactericides during the breeding period ( Aminoguanidines, quiescent bactericides and fast-acting inhibitors, fast-acting inhibitors and slow-acting inhibitors have synergistic enhancement or enhanced additive effects, and compatibility can improve the efficacy.
6. When using antibiotics to control bacterial diseases, we must also pay attention to strengthening disinfection and environmental sanitation, and timely clearing the source of the disease to prevent spread.
7. Strengthening feeding management and improving the body's disease resistance will also help reduce the occurrence of epidemics. Only by doing comprehensive prevention and control work can we control the disease more effectively.
8. In order to prevent bacterial resistance, in addition to grasping the adaptability, dosage, and course of treatment of antibiotics, it is also necessary to grasp the characteristics of bacteria (generally Gram-positive bacteria are not easy to produce drug resistance, and Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to resistance. Medicinal properties, especially enterobacteria are most susceptible to drug resistance)
(B) matters needing attention in the addition of antibiotics to feed 1. Strictly control the amount added. Some farmers have increased the number of supplements in order to ensure the efficacy, which not only increases the production cost, improves the resistance of pathogens, but also pollutes the environment and reduces the benefits. If oxytetracycline is used to treat livestock diseases, it can be added to the feed by more than 0.1%. When used as a feed additive, it should be added only 10-15 grams per ton of feed.
2. Strictly control the time of medication. On the one hand, after a period of use of an antibiotic, some surviving pathogens are resistant to this antibiotic, and long-term use of the same antibiotic will inhibit the normal growth and reproduction of certain beneficial microorganisms in the intestine. On the other hand, controlling the time of administration can also effectively limit the amount of drug remaining in livestock and poultry products. If oxytetracycline and calcium salt are used as feed additives, they should be stopped 7 days before slaughter. Sulfonamides should be used within 1 month before slaughter.
3. Different use of different livestock and poultry species. Different types of livestock and poultry have different requirements for antibiotics at different stages of growth. If the pigs are fed with antibiotics before and after breeding and before giving birth, the conception rate, litter size and weaning weight can be increased, while the effect of antibiotics in piglets at 8-10 weeks old will decrease. Similarly, oxytetracycline is used in adult ruminants to inhibit rumen microbial activity; it is better for young animals.
4. Mix well with the feed. When using antibiotics, premixed feeds should be prepared and then mixed into the feed so that they can be mixed well. It is strictly forbidden to mix antibiotics directly into the feed. This will often cause uneven mixing and poisoning of livestock and poultry.
(1) Precautions for the use of antibiotics 1. When the virus is infected, antibiotics are used for the prevention of secondary infection of conditional bacteria. The most common conditional bacteria are Pasteurella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, etc., especially E. coli is more susceptible to secondary infection. For example, bird flu, swine flu, etc., which occur more frequently in the spring and autumn seasons, are necessary for the prevention of emergency epidemic prevention and antiviral drugs, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for prevention.
2. When the pathogenic bacteria are not determined, a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug should be used to improve the sterilization coverage and avoid the leakage of the bacteria.
3. Master the time and duration of medication, and use it early and acutely.
4. To control the dosage used. The first amount should be slightly larger, generally twice the amount of maintenance, and the amount of maintenance should be used later, and the course of treatment should be used to consolidate the effect.
5. Combination medication should pay great attention to incompatibility. For example, during the breeding period, the bactericidal drugs (penicillins and cephalosporins) should not be combined with the quick-acting antibacterial drugs (tetracyclines, macrolides) and slow-acting inhibitors (sulfonamides); while the bactericidal drugs and the stationary bactericides during the breeding period ( Aminoguanidines, quiescent bactericides and fast-acting inhibitors, fast-acting inhibitors and slow-acting inhibitors have synergistic enhancement or enhanced additive effects, and compatibility can improve the efficacy.
6. When using antibiotics to control bacterial diseases, we must also pay attention to strengthening disinfection and environmental sanitation, and timely clearing the source of the disease to prevent spread.
7. Strengthening feeding management and improving the body's disease resistance will also help reduce the occurrence of epidemics. Only by doing comprehensive prevention and control work can we control the disease more effectively.
8. In order to prevent bacterial resistance, in addition to grasping the adaptability, dosage, and course of treatment of antibiotics, it is also necessary to grasp the characteristics of bacteria (generally Gram-positive bacteria are not easy to produce drug resistance, and Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to resistance. Medicinal properties, especially enterobacteria are most susceptible to drug resistance)
(B) matters needing attention in the addition of antibiotics to feed 1. Strictly control the amount added. Some farmers have increased the number of supplements in order to ensure the efficacy, which not only increases the production cost, improves the resistance of pathogens, but also pollutes the environment and reduces the benefits. If oxytetracycline is used to treat livestock diseases, it can be added to the feed by more than 0.1%. When used as a feed additive, it should be added only 10-15 grams per ton of feed.
2. Strictly control the time of medication. On the one hand, after a period of use of an antibiotic, some surviving pathogens are resistant to this antibiotic, and long-term use of the same antibiotic will inhibit the normal growth and reproduction of certain beneficial microorganisms in the intestine. On the other hand, controlling the time of administration can also effectively limit the amount of drug remaining in livestock and poultry products. If oxytetracycline and calcium salt are used as feed additives, they should be stopped 7 days before slaughter. Sulfonamides should be used within 1 month before slaughter.
3. Different use of different livestock and poultry species. Different types of livestock and poultry have different requirements for antibiotics at different stages of growth. If the pigs are fed with antibiotics before and after breeding and before giving birth, the conception rate, litter size and weaning weight can be increased, while the effect of antibiotics in piglets at 8-10 weeks old will decrease. Similarly, oxytetracycline is used in adult ruminants to inhibit rumen microbial activity; it is better for young animals.
4. Mix well with the feed. When using antibiotics, premixed feeds should be prepared and then mixed into the feed so that they can be mixed well. It is strictly forbidden to mix antibiotics directly into the feed. This will often cause uneven mixing and poisoning of livestock and poultry.
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