Treating straw with an alkaline compound such as sodium hydroxide, ammonia, lime, urea, etc. can open an alkali-labile ester chain between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, dissolve hemicellulose and a part of lignin, and make cellulose Swells to make the rumen fluid easy to penetrate. Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide can hydrolyze up to 50% of the lignin. Chemical treatment can not only improve the digestibility of straw, but also improve palatability and increase feed intake. At present, the alkalization method and the ammoniation method are more common.
First, the alkali treatment of straw. The alkalization treatment is to treat the straw with an alkali solution, so that the plant cell wall becomes loose and easy to be infiltrated by the digestive juice, and the digestibility of the straw by alkalization can be increased to more than 50%, and the feed intake is increased by 20% to 45%.
1. Sodium hydroxide liquid treatment method. 100 kg of chopped straw, sprayed evenly with 6 kg of 1.6% sodium hydroxide solution, stacked for 6-7 hours, then washed in the clear water, washed away the alkali, made into cake, and fed in divided portions. After the alkali treatment of straw, the digestibility of organic matter increased from 42.4% to 62.8%, and the digestibility of crude fiber increased from 53.5% to 76.4%.
2. Lime solution treatment: use 100 kg of chopped straw, add 3 kg of quicklime or 4 kg of slaked lime, 0.5 to 1 kg of salt, 200 to 250 liters of water, soak for 12 hours or 1 day and night, and remove for 24 hours. Can be fed without washing.
Second, the oxidation treatment of straw. Ammonia treatment of straw is one of the rough processing methods with low cost and remarkable economic benefits. The principle of ammoniation is to use ammonia to dissolve in water to form strong alkali ammonium hydroxide, to soften the straw, to expand the lignified fiber inside the straw, to improve the permeability of the straw, and to contact the digestive enzymes, thereby contributing to the cellulose. Digestion; ammonia and straw organic matter, the formation of ammonium salts and complexes, so that the crude protein of straw increased from 4% to more than 8%, thereby greatly improving the nutritional value of feed straw. After ammoniation of straw, the digestibility can be increased by about 20%, and the feed intake can be increased by about 20%. The palatability and the feeding speed of dairy cows can be improved and improved, and the total nutritional value can be doubled to 0.4~. 0.5 feed units, the electricity is l kg of ammoniated straw equivalent to the nutritional value of 0.4 ~ 0.5 kg oats. It is precisely because of the above advantages of straw hydrogenation, this technology has been rapidly promoted in the domestic and foreign ruminant livestock breeding industry. The straw ammoniation treatment has the following three different methods depending on the nitrogen source used.
1. Liquid ammoniation method. The chopped straw is sprayed into an appropriate amount of water to make the water content reach 15% to 20%, and the mixture is mixed. A hard plastic tube with holes is embedded in the center of the long shaft to pass ammonia. The plastic film was tightly covered, and then anhydrous ammonia was introduced at 3% by weight of the straw. At the end of the treatment, the plastic tube is taken out and blocked. The sealing time varies depending on the ambient temperature, and the temperature is 2 to 4 weeks at 20 °C. After drying, the ammonia taste disappears on its own and then smashed and fed.
2. Urea ammoniation method. Due to the urease in the straw, urea or ammonium bicarbonate and straw are stored at a certain temperature and humidity to decompose ammonia. Therefore, the treatment of straw with urea or ammonium bicarbonate can obtain an approximate ammonia effect. The method is to add urea to 3% of the weight of the straw. 5 kg of urea was dissolved in 60 liters of water and uniformly sprayed onto 100 kg of straw, stacked layer by layer, and covered with a plastic film. The mantle can also be used to hydrotreat the chopped crop straws, and the specific method is the same as liquid ammonia treatment, but the time is slightly longer. Where urea is scarce, straw ammoniation can also be carried out with ammonium bicarbonate in the same manner as the urea amination process. It is only because the nitrogen content of ammonium bicarbonate is low, it is 17%, and its dosage should be increased as appropriate.
3. Ammonia ammonia amination method. Prepare containers (sows, ponds, towers, etc.) containing straw raw materials in advance, and fill the short straws into the container, and evenly spray 3% concentration of ammonia water to the container according to the ratio of straw 1:1. When it is 5%, add 41 liters of ammonia per 100 kg of dry straw. After filling the container, cover it with plastic film, seal it tightly, seal it after 2~3 weeks under the temperature of 20 °C (about 1 week in summer and 4~8 weeks in winter), take out the straw and dry it. Feeding.
Practice has proved that the liquid ammonia ammoniation method and the urea ammoniation method have the best effect on the treatment of straw, and the ammonia water and ammonium hydrogencarbonate treatment have a slightly poor effect. Although the effect of liquid ammoniation is good, special high-pressure containers (ammonia bottles, ammonia tanks, ammonia tankers, etc.) must be used, which increases production costs and increases the risk of operation. In contrast, the urea ammoniation effect is good, the operation is simple and safe, and no special equipment is needed, which is suitable for the majority of dairy farmers.
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