Second, the function and characteristics of traditional materials for flood control and rescue
In the traditional flood control, the safe crossing of various buildings mainly takes two measures: the first is protection, that is, the danger is avoided; the second is emergency, that is, once the danger occurs, it is necessary to quickly take effective measures to eliminate the danger. The most commonly used traditional materials for flood control and rescue are mainly earth materials, sand materials, stone materials, grass bags, hemp bags, etc. They have a long history and good effect as anti-mite materials, and are still the main materials for flood control and emergency rescue. Although these materials have many advantages such as a wide source and a large number of materials, they also have the disadvantages of heavy weight, large volume, difficult transportation, high construction labor intensity, slow construction speed, and difficult to guarantee the quality of the project.
Geotextiles in geosynthetics generally have high strength, light weight, strong water permeability, corrosion resistance and good wear resistance. It also has the following functions and functions:
1. Drainage function: the geotextile can intercept and collect water seepage in the soil, and can discharge the water along the vertical fabric plane or parallel fabric plane;
2, the filter function: due to the hydraulic characteristics of the geotextile structure, while it discharges water, it can block the soil particles from being taken out;
3. Isolation: Geotextiles may separate earth and stone materials of different nature or different grades to avoid mutual doping, thus ensuring construction quality;
4. Reinforcement effect on soil: Geotextile has high tensile strength, can restrain the strain of soil in soil, improve the comprehensive deformation modulus of soil, reduce soil deformation and improve soil Stress status.
These functions and characteristics of geotextiles can overcome or improve the shortcomings or deficiencies of traditional materials. In addition, the geotextile construction process is simple, it is easy to ensure the quality of the project, the construction speed is fast, and the construction cost is low. Therefore, geotextile is a very ideal material for the time-critical project of flood control and emergency rescue, especially for the lack of soil and sand in the rescue process.
Third, the construction method of geotextile
1, the main method of water seepage rescue
(1) Ditching and seepage: starting from the highest point of seepage of the backwater embankment, to the outside of the embankment, excavating several vertical ditch perpendicular to the embankment or inclined groove of 45°~60° with the embankment, The gully of the vertical groove should be connected. Generally, the groove width is 0.3-0.5 m, the depth is 0.5-1.0 m, and the groove distance is 6-10 m. According to the filtration requirement, the filter material is layered and paved with the excavation to prevent the trench wall from collapsing.
(2) Filtration and seepage: If the embankment is poor in soil quality and the section is small, large-area filtration and permeability can also be used. First remove the surface debris from the water seepage site, and then layer the filling according to the filtration requirements.
(3) Linhe wall construction: In the seepage section, fill the sloping soil bag along the water slope and build the front wall. The size is determined according to the depth of the river and the degree of water seepage. Generally, the top of the wall is 3 to 5 meters wide and 1 meter above the water surface. The length exceeds at least 5 meters at both ends of the seepage section. If the river has a large flow rate, piles of weaving fences or temple bags can be used to build partition walls, and then fill the soil.
2. Construction method of crack protection
For the danger of cracks in dykes in flood season, it should be highly valued, and it may also be a sign or consequence of other dangers. In general, the method of escort is as follows:
(1) Longitudinal crack excavation backfill:
Applicable to longitudinal cracks without the possibility of landslides, and has been observed and observed to be stable. The length of the trench should be more than 2m longer at each end of the crack. Before excavation, the filtered lime water is poured into the joint to facilitate understanding of the direction and depth of the crack to guide the excavation. The excavated earth material should not be piled on the side of the pit to avoid affecting the stability of the slope. The backfill should be layered and compacted, and the top should be arched to prevent rainwater from being poured.
(2) transverse crack trenching partition
Lateral cracks were found. If the water surface was not penetrated, or no water leakage was found, the trenches could be grooved along the cracks and the joints were excavated in the vertical direction of the cracks. After excavation, it should be layered and backfilled immediately. If the front end of the crack has been connected to the waterfront, the water flow should be intercepted in front of the water surface of the crack dam section, and then the trough body should be grooved, and the backwater surface should be started from the backwater surface.
3, anti-overflow emergency rescue measures
At the top of the original dam, the levees were quickly built and strived to complete before the flood came. Common methods are:
(1) Filling the sub-bank: Filled with soil, layered and compacted. The top of the sub-bank should exceed the estimated maximum water level. Use clay for earth and do not use humus.
(2) Earth bag embankment: generally use grass bags, sacks or woven bags. After filling the soil for seven or eighty, it is not possible to use a rope tie to facilitate paving. Some of the waterfront pockets face the back water, and the middle part is filled with earth material or plastic film to stop the water. This method is applicable to dykes with large wind and waves and difficult to borrow soil.
(3) The soil bag is filled with the sub-bank: the soil bag is covered by the water surface, and the back surface is filled with soil.
(4) In the individual dikes, if it is about to overflow, when it is too late to take the soil from a distance, if the top of the embankment is wide, the embankment can be temporarily taken from the backwater embankment. This is a measure that must be smashed and blocked. Generally, it cannot be easily adopted.
(5) Utilizing the wave wall: Generally, the earth dam is provided with a masonry stone wall, and the wave wall can be used as the water surface of the sub-bank, and the soil bag is used to reinforce the water retaining behind the wall. The soil bag is placed on the back of the wave wall, and the width should meet the requirements of heightening. The rest is the same as the earth bag embankment.
4, pipe and soil rescue
Guan Yong is commonly referred to as sanding drum water, which is a phenomenon in which fine particles in the soil are washed out of the soil along the pores between the skeleton particles, often occurring in a non-uniform non-cohesive soil layer. The pore diameter of the pipe can reach several millimeters to hundreds of millimeters, and the circumference of the hole forms an annular dune, and the water is turbid at the water. The development of the near-bank pipe will cause the soil to collapse or even collapse. The flowing soil is a phenomenon in which the soil suddenly looses and bulges at the outlet of the seepage, and floats, which occurs in a cohesive soil layer or a relatively uniform non-cohesive soil layer. Its hazard is comparable to that of a pipe. It is worth pointing out that in the embankment of a multi-layer foundation, the danger often coincides.
For the dangers such as piping, it should be eliminated by the method of “blocking the lower rowâ€. When the piping is not serious, it can be directly covered in the piping part, covered with a non-woven geotextile with good water permeability and large pore diameter, and the grit is covered by grit, which forms a “water-permeable cover weightâ€, so that the water seepage is smooth and the soil is The particles are trapped in place. When the piping is severe, the surrounding well can be built around the water inrush hole, and a certain water level can be maintained in the well to reduce the hydraulic gradient at the place and eliminate the hydrodynamic force (commonly known as the “water basinâ€) that causes the piping to restore stability. .
5, bank slope collapse and rescue method
The levee slope of the dike, especially the concave bank at the water flow bend, the top rushing, and the wind and wave effect, the most easy to make the bottom of the bank slope washed or emptied, forming a steep slope, resulting in instability and sputum or nest Collapse, endangering the safety of the embankment. At the same time, due to the continuous high water level, the soil in the dike is saturated and the shear strength is reduced, which leads to the instability of the embankment. When the water level drops, the gravity water in the soil of the embankment cannot be discharged, forming a seepage force pointing to the slope of the water. In addition, the pore water pressure is too high, which is also an important cause of landslide.
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